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These conversions are all unchecked in the sense that they will not raise exceptions. Again, the Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Operators.Checked module has corresponding definitions of these operators. An alternative is to use the .NET static methods contained in the type System.Convert, such as System.Convert.ToDouble( ). These do perform checking, which means they raise an exception if the source number can t be represented within the numeric range of the target type. As with many .NET constructs, uses of System.Convert methods may require type annotations to resolve overloading, discussed further in 5 and 6.

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In manual PGA memory management, the parameters that have the largest impact on the size of your PGA, outside of the memory allocated by your session for PL/SQL tables and other variables, are: SORT_AREA_SIZE: The total amount of RAM that will be used to sort information before swapping out to disk. SORT_AREA_RETAINED_SIZE: The amount of memory that will be used to hold sorted data after the sort is complete. That is, if SORT_AREA_SIZE is 512KB and SORT_AREA_RETAINED_SIZE is 256KB, your server process would use up to 512KB of memory to sort data during the initial processing of the query. When the sort was complete, the sorting area would "shrink" down to 256KB, and any sorted data that did not fit in that 256KB would be written out to the temporary tablespace. HASH_AREA_SIZE: The amount of memory your server process can use to store hash tables in memory. These structures are used during a hash join, typically when joining a large set with another set. The smaller of the two sets would be hashed into memory and anything that didn't fit in the hash area region of memory would be stored in the temporary tablespace by the join key.

These parameters control the amount of space Oracle will use to sort or hash data before writing (swapping) it to disk, and how much of that memory segment will be retained after the sort is done. The SORT_AREA_SIZE-SORT_AREA_RETAINED_SIZE calculated value is generally allocated out of your PGA, and the SORT_AREA_RETAINED_SIZE value will be in your UGA. You can discover your current use of PGA and UGA memory and monitor its size by querying special Oracle V$ views, also referred to as dynamic performance views. For example, let's run a small test whereby in one session we'll sort lots of data and, from a second session, we'll monitor the UGA/PGA memory use in that first session. To do this in a predictable manner, we'll make a copy of the ALL_OBJECTS table, with about 72,000 rows in this case, without any indexes (so we know a sort has to happen when we use ORDER BY on this table): ops$tkyte%ORA11GR2> create table t as select * from all_objects; Table created. ops$tkyte%ORA11GR2> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats( user, 'T' ); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. To remove any side effects from the initial hard parsing of queries, we'll run the following script three times, but for now ignore its output. We'll run the script again in a fresh session so as to see the effects on memory usage in a controlled environment. We'll use the sort area sizes of 64KB, 1MB, and 1GB in turn, so save this script as run_query.sql: connect / set serveroutput off set echo on column sid new_val SID select sid from v$mystat where rownum = 1; alter session set workarea_size_policy=manual; alter session set sort_area_size = &1; prompt run @reset_stat &SID and @watch_stat in another session here! pause

When used with numeric values, the binary comparison operators =, <>, <, <=, >, >=, min, and max perform comparisons according to the natural ordering for each particular numeric type. You can also use these operators on other data types, such as to compare lists of integers, and you can customize their behavior for new types you define. We discuss generic comparison in detail in 5, and we discuss customizing generic comparison in 8. When used with floating-point values, these operators implement the IEEE semantics for NaN (Not a Number) values. For example, (NaN = NaN) is false, as is (NaN <= NaN) and (NaN < NaN).

set termout off select * from t order by 1, 2, 3, 4; set termout on prompt run @watch_stat in another session here! Pause and then run: @run_query 65536 @run_query 1048576 @run_query 1073741820 Just ignore the output for now; we are just warming up the shared pool and getting everything even.

Note When we process SQL in the database, we must first parse the SQL statement. There are two types of

The module Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Operators includes the definition of a number of useful overloaded math operators. These are shown in Table 3-5 and are overloaded either on a suitable range of integer types or on the basic floating-point types.